Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope

Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope PTSD Coping Print Why People With PTSD Use Emotional Avoidance to Cope Avoidance may work in the short-term but can cause more problems later By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 11, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 02, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Maskot / Getty Images Emotional avoidance is a common reaction to trauma. In fact, emotional avoidance is part of the avoidance cluster of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, serving as a way for people with PTSD to escape painful or difficult emotions. Avoidance refers to any action designed to prevent the occurrence of an uncomfortable emotion such as fear, sadness, or shame. For example, a person may try to avoid difficult emotions through the use of  substances  or  dissociation. Emotional avoidance may be effective in the short-term and can provide some temporary relief. In the long run, it often causes more harm as avoidance behaviors are associated with increased severity of PTSD symptoms. Avoidance Cluster Behavior The avoidance cluster of PTSD symptoms  is categorized as the attempt  to avoid distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings as well as external reminders such as conversations about the traumatic event or  people or places that bring the event to mind. Avoidance behaviors are effectively an effort to withdraw from situations and feelings that produce trauma-related symptoms. Moreover, people engaging in avoidance may have emotional numbing symptoms  such as  feeling distant from others, losing  interest in activities they used to enjoy, or having trouble  experiencing positive feelings such as happiness or love.  Avoiding emotional experiences is common among people who have PTSD. Emotional Avoidance in PTSD Research shows  that people with PTSD often try to avoid or “push away” their emotions, both emotions about a traumatic experience and emotions in general. In addition, it has been found that trying to avoid feeling emotions may make some PTSD symptoms worse or even contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms after experiencing a traumatic event.?? Why Emotional Avoidance Doesnt Work Emotions serve important psychological and physiological purposes. Your emotions provide you with information about yourself and the things going on around you. They communicate and motivate action. For example, fear tells you that you may be in danger; sadness tells you that you may need some time to take care of yourself or seek help from others. While emotional avoidance temporarily suppresses difficult emotions, the emotions youre trying to avoid may grow harder to ignore over time. Your emotions may “fight back” in an attempt to serve their functions. If someone is determined to avoid feeling their emotions, they may eventually turn to more drastic and unhealthy ways to avoid them, such as substance use.? Avoiding your emotions also takes considerable effort, and as the emotions you are avoiding grow stronger, more and more effort is needed to keep them at bay. As a result, little energy may be left for the important things in your life such as family and friends. In addition, using all your energy to avoid certain emotions may make it difficult to manage other experiences, such as frustration and irritation, making you more likely to be “on edge” and angry. Research has also suggested?? that avoidance coping leads to chronic worry. The Purpose of Emotions Management and Treatment of PTSD Symptoms The best way to start managing your symptoms is to develop healthier coping mechanisms that allow you to identify, accept, and process your emotions. Therapy can provide the opportunity to express and understand your emotions as well as examine the sources of those emotional responses. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) In addition to examining emotions connected directly to the traumatic event, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?? may address how certain thoughts or ways of evaluating a situation may be contributing to your emotions. Therapists who practice CBT typically focus on what is going on in the individuals current life, rather than past events, and the focus is on moving forward in time to devise more effective strategies for coping with life. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), on the other hand, focuses on breaking down avoidance and helping a person place their energy into living a meaningful life (and being willing to experience whatever emotions arise as a result).?? In order to produce psychological flexibility, ACT makes use of acceptance and mindfulness processes and commitment and behavior change processes. Social Support and Self-Monitoring Whichever therapy you choose, getting help can provide you with a safe place to express and approach your emotions. Seeking social support from trusted loved ones can also provide a safe way to express your emotions. Finally, writing about your feelings can also give you a safe and private way to release your deepest thoughts. If your emotions feel really unclear or unpredictable, self-monitoring may be a useful strategy for you. It can give you a sense of which situations bring out certain thoughts and feelings. Finally, if your emotions feel too strong, try distraction instead of avoidance. Distraction can be viewed as “temporary avoidance.” Do something to temporarily distract you from a strong negative emotion, such as reading a book, calling a trusted friend, or taking a bath. This may give the emotion some time to decrease in strength, making it easier to cope with. How to Reduce Avoidance in PTSD

Hiroshima Imagery The Modern Mind Readings For World...

To keep a lasting, permanent peace, I want to convey the heart of ‘Hiroshima’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mapping the Modern Mind: Readings for World Cultures III 140). While her retelling is laden with hauntingly grotesque depictions of both the atrocities seen within the first few hours of the explosion and those seen decades later, her goal was balanced. Watanabe firmly states that her purpose it not to victimize herself or to spread hate toward the United States. In fact, her account does not place the blame on any particular country, nor does it limit the consequences of her suffering to the Japanese. Rather, Watanabe and many of the hibakusha like her, were concerned with warning against the evils of nuclear war for all of the world’s future generations. One of the challenges facing the hibakusha and the peace culture is the tendency for some Japanese to use the bombings to avoid responsibility for their aggressive behavior in World War II and the Greater East Asia War. While the hibakusha see their roles as extending beyond Japanese culture to promote general world peace, Japanese nationalism tends to â€Å"[gloss] over the suffering imposed on others during those years [of the war] while simultaneously emphasizing their own suffering† (Siegenthaler 1122). Many Japanese schools used to promote peace education by taking field trips to some of the bombing memorials, but within the last decade, the education ministry has pressured schools to switch the curriculum to one that promotes nationalismShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesKin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American

Plato s Allegory Of The Cave - 1249 Words

If asked, many may describe education as the imparting of knowledge onto the less knowledgeable. However, in his â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, Greek philosopher Plato proposes that rather than education being â€Å"putting knowledge into souls that lack it†(5), it is the beginning of a journey in which the newly educated begin to break free of their ignorance and turn towards the discovery of new knowledge; Plato believed education was the beginning of the quest for new ideas, rather than the end of a process in which we learn the bare minimum. Plato’s view on education is one I personally find myself in agreeance with; I hold to the belief that education is an ongoing, cooperative process and not a one sided spewing of facts. Education should†¦show more content†¦I myself have been guilty of this. During high school, I knew I wanted to study theatre, so all other classes fell into my peripheral. I didn’t care for biology, or math, or foreign language. I just wanted to hear what was going to be on the test so I could make the grade. I believe this attitude comes-- at least in part-- from the stress our education system puts on testing. We tell the students that they need to know certain things and be able to regurgitate those things onto the test to receive a score that deems them â€Å"acceptable†. We paint these tests and scores as the most important things in the students lives, and in the process snuff out that inborn desire to explore the world and call everything into question. Consider for example tests like the ACT, SAT, or AP exams. During my time in high school, these test scores were made out to be so important, they became a sort of ranking system-- the higher your scores, the more â€Å"value† you had. Though I’m ashamed to admit it, I recall times where my friends and I would snicker and mock those who scored lower than we considered acceptable. We focused so much on the test scores, all other aspects of their person sort of fell away. We didn’t stop to consider any other factors such as their health on the testing day, the amount of sleep they had the previous night, or anything else that could have affected their results. Or maybeShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave1716 Words   |  7 PagesIn Plato’s, Allegory of the cave, a key theory I found was the importance of education. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging formsâ €  (104) Based on my research of the republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes, ordinary mortals are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, represents the psyche imprisoned within the human body. These mortals can’t lookRead MorePlato s Allegory Of Cave1979 Words   |  8 PagesJaneva Walters December 6, 2016 Dr. T. Brady ENG 391 Plato’s Allegory of Cave The allegory of the cave is regarded as one of the most reputed and acclaimed works by the Greek philosopher Plato in modern literature as well as philosophy. First published and presented in his work known as a Republic (514a–520a), the dialogues that have been used as conversation can be regarded as fictitious as the main conversation takes place between Plato’s brother Glaucon and Socrates. First and foremost, allegoricalRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1814 Words   |  8 PagesIn Plato’s, â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, a key theory I found was the importance of gaining knowledge. Plato uses an â€Å"allegory to illustrate the dilemma facing the psyche in the ascent to knowledge of the imperishable and unchanging forms† (Fiero, 104). Based on my research of the Republic, the allegory can reveal multiple hidden messages. Plato describes in the Allegory, ordinary mortals who are chained within an underground chamber, which according to Fiero, r epresents the psyche imprisoned within theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen in a cave? Caves are dark, cold, and often times dangerous. People who lose their source of light in a cave often face death from physical injury or hypothermia, unless otherwise rescued. The Greek philosopher Plato illustrated the difference between reality and illusion through a story about prisoners who lived their entire existence in a cave. Plato tells the â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† as a conversation between Socrates, his mentor, and Glaucon, one of Socrates’ students. Plato’s allegory of theRead MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagescondition impressed by an image can sometimes like as a flame, spreading throughout other discourses for long after its initial kindling. Such is the case with Plato s allegory of the cave, which has for over 2,500 years inspired significant contributions to theorizations of truth. Despite t he age of Plato s work, the truth in the allegory is demonstrated by its own universality; as a formative piece of literature, the story acts as a gateway into Western discourses of truth. Truth remains an elusiveRead MorePlato s The Allegory Of The Cave1965 Words   |  8 PagesIn this paper I shall argue for Socrates’ notion in the Allegory of the Cave, saying that the purpose of education is not to place knowledge to the mind where there was none, but instead to recognise the already underlying existence of such insight inside the mind, and to help divert the ones in need of teaching onto the correct path to find and retrieve such knowledge. 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In Plato’s, Allegory of the Cave, he describes the scenario of prisoners kept isolated in a cave left to come up with a reality that they comprehended with the images that they saw in front of them. This applies especially to politics, because people are left to decipherRead MoreAnalyzing Plato s Allegory Of The Cave874 Words   |  4 PagesI’ll be analyzing Plato’s Allegory of the Cave through my own interpretation. An allegory is defined as â€Å"a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.† In Plato’s Republic the short excerpt The Allegory of the Cave can be viewed through multiple perspectives. Plato’s image of the cave is known as the â€Å"theory of forms†¦ The theory assumes the existence of a level of reality inhabited by ideal â€Å"forms† of all things and concepts (Revelations:Read MorePlato s Allegory Of The Cave Ess ay1842 Words   |  8 Pagesto find pieces about importance of our ego as well. Plato is one of the most important philosophers in western history. That brings us a question, why ego is such significant for both western and eastern philosophers and religious works? Sigmund Freud, who carried on Plato’s thinking on humanity and our society, pointed out what Plato has vaguely discussed about that the significance and impact the ego has on us. In Plato’s Allegory of the Cave, what the prisoners are actually experiencing the fight

Wellness Industry in India Free Essays

INTRODUCTION In India, a country where traditional medicinal and health practices like Ayurveda and yoga have promoted the idea of mental and physical wellbeing since ancient times, a new concept of wellness is emerging. No longer limited to health, nutrition and relaxation, the new multi-dimensional definition of wellness encompasses the individual’s desire for social acceptance, exclusivity and collective welfare. WELLNESS INDUSTRY The 2009 FICCI-Ernst Young (EY) Wellness – Exploring the Untapped Potential report classifies the Indian wellness industry into two segments: wellness services and wellness products. We will write a custom essay sample on Wellness Industry in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Expected to grow dramatically in the next years, both the segments offer great opportunities to wellness providers. At the end of 2008, the overall industry was estimated at around INR 27. 000 crore (EUR 4. 05 billion1), of which INR 11. 000 crore (EUR 1. 65 billion) represented by the services segment and the rest by the products segment. WELLNESS INDUSTRY SIZE AND SEGMENTATION (EUR billion) 1,65 41% Wellness Products Wellness Services 2,4 59% Source: Ernst Young and FICCI According to the study, the wellness industry has the potential to sustain a compound annual growth rate of more than 14% till 2012, with the wellness services market expected to witness an annual growth of approximately 3035% till 2014. 1 The conversion rate utilized in this report is 1 INR = 0. 015 EUR. WELLNESS INDUSTRY PROJECTIONS (EUR billion) 7,00 6,00 6,00 5,00 4,05 4,00 3,00 2,19 2,00 1,00 2009 2010E 2011E 2012E Source: Ernst Young and FICCI 5,26 4,62 3,84 2,90 1,65 Wellness Industry Wellness Services Geographically, South India is much ahead in terms of wellness, with an average of 34. wellness centers per 100. 000 households, compared with 13. 6 for the North, 12 for the West and 10. 1 in the East. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WELLNESS CENTERS IN INDIA 0 South North West East 13,6 12 10,1 Source: Ernst Young and FICCI 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 34,4 40 The report depicts the overall wellness industry as highly unorganized, with the organized sector limited to less than 50 percent of the in dustry. The industry’s disorganization and fragmentation open further opportunities for international wellness players to capture a large share of the market. Wellness services From massages to cardio sessions, from steam baths to ago puncture, from slimming programs to beauty treatments, the wellness services segment includes all the facilities, centers and in general domestic and international players which offer Indian customers wellness solutions. Recent trends in the wellness services sector Spas: As per the FICCI-EY study, rejuvenation services – including spas, alternative therapies, Ayurveda treatments and beauty services – is expected to witness a 30 percent growth till 2014. In its 2009 report, SpaFinder Inc. counted over 2. 300 spas operating in India, with over 700 to open by 2012 and generating revenues for approximately EUR 264 million annually. NUMBER OF SPAS IN INDIA (PROJECTION) 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2009 Source: SpaFinder Inc. + 700 spas 3000 2300 2012 A distinct trend visible in the Indian wellness market is the opening of spas in the mid-price category. No longer exclusivity of 5-stars hotel guests, standalone spas with a more affordable price-value equation are filling a gap that was missing in the market2. Gyms: Assessed at around INR 500 crore (EUR 75 million) in 2009, the gym market in India is quickly developing. As per the FICCI-EY study, fitness services – comprising gyms and slimming centers – will grow by more than 25 percent till 2014. According to the consultancy firm Deloitte and the US-based International Health, Racquet Sportsclub Association, the number of people using health clubs in India currently stands at 0. 23 million. Of this, experts say 40 percent are women3. HEALTH CLUB USERS PENETRATION RATE 2 3 Wellness industry unaffected by recession, liveMint, The Wall Street Journal, Jun 14, 2009. Gym becoming social networking hub, The Economic Times, Aug 14, 2009. 0,0% US Australia New Zealand Singapore Hong Kong India 0,4% 5,0% 10,0% 15,0% 20,0% 17,0% 12,4% 10,8% 6,5% 3,9% Source: Deloitte International Health, Racquet Sportclub Association The still low penetration rate, combined with the success of the fitness reality show Biggest Loser Jeetega, which featured gym equipment of the Italian manufacturer Technogym SpA,suggests there is still plenty of room for new centers to open in India. Hotels and restaurant: A further trend, emerging as a consequence of the significant number of lifestyle diseases which affects the country — India accounts for 60% of global cardiac illnesses and has over 50 million diabetics — is the emergence of hotels as health destinations, offering special menus and fitness programs4. Many restaurants are also starting to propose their health-conscious customers special menus. Main international and national players of the wellness services sector Overall, more than 15 international players in the wellness product and service space have entered India in the recent past and are aggressively expanding in the country. Just to name one, the US-based largest international gym chain in the world, Gold’s Gym has opened 48 gyms since its arrival in India in 2002. This increasing competition from multinationals has compelled national players – including Reliance, Dabur, Manipal Group of Companies, Dr. Batra’s, Kaya Health Clinic – to strengthen and speed up their market expansion strategies. To support the growth, after Talwalkars– one of the leading gym chains in India, with over 100 branches across 50 cities in the country, and over 100. 000 members – and Birla Pacific Spa, also the healthcare and beauty treatment provider Goodwill Hospitals, the drug retail chain Apollo Pharmacy, the diagnostics chain Super Religare Laboratories and the eye care firm VasanEyecare are planning to go public in the next 12 months5. 4 Wellness on the menu, liveMint, The Wall Street Journal, Jul 29, 2011. 5After Birla Pacific Spa and Talwalkars niche beauty and wellness companies planning for IPO, The Economic Times, Aug 25, 2011. While substandard facilities and a lack of qualified staff still characterize the domestic wellness scene, this unsatisfying picture opens further opportunities to international players, which will bring to India their sets of standards of procedures and training programs. Wellness products Including various types of â€Å"modified† foods (e. g. , fat free, low calories, energetic, reinforcing), oils, supplements, integrators, and personal care products, wellness products are gaining more and more space in Indians’ purchase basket. No longer limited to preventive or supportive nutrition, the wellness product portfolio reflects a mix of indulgence, invigoration and narcissism6. Health and wellness foods market Tata Strategic Management Group (TSMG) has estimated theIndian health and wellness foods market being worth INR 10. 150 crore(EUR1. 52 billion) in 2009, with the potential of rising at a compounded annual growth rate of 32. 5 percent to INR 55. 000crore (EUR 8. 24 billion) by 2015. 6 Impulse and Lifestyle Products Define the FMCG Future in India, Roosevelt D’souza, Executive Director, The Nielsen Company, March 4, 2011. HEALTH AND WELLNESS FOODS PROJECTION (EUR billion) 9,00 8,00 7,00 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 2009 2010E 2011E 2012E 2013E 2014E 2015E Source: TSMG 8,24 + 32. 5% 4,69 3,54 2,67 1,52 2,01 6,21 To capture the growing demand, food brands are in a race to launch new products. Himalaya International’s natural fruit yoghurt, Parle Products’s baked chips, Amul’s range of functional products (including energy drinks, probiotic ice-creams, probiotic lassi and curd, high calcium milk and reduced salt butter), Frito Lay’s trans-fat and MSG free products, ITC Food’s low cholesterol products, gut beneficial foods are just few examples7. Sugar-free products With diabetes increasing at an alarming rate –the number of people with diabetes was over 45 million in 2010 and is expected to rise to 69. 9 million by 2015 –, obesity, hypertension and other lifestyle-related disorders, sugar-free product variants are gaining more space on the retail shelves. While Indians have begun to show a liking to sugar-free products, sugar substitutes (often referred to as â€Å"sweeteners†) do not receive the same welcome. In fact, sweeteners are not yet considered a low-calorie sugar substitute, but a product for people suffering of lifestyle diseases8. Nutraceuticals market Within the wellness products segment, the nutraceuticals market – merger of the words â€Å"nutrition† and â€Å"pharmaceutical† indicating functional foods, beverages and dietary supplements which provide health and medical benefits – is expected to grow exponentially. The 2009 FICCI-EY Nutraceuticals – Critical supplement for building a healthy India estimated the market to be around INR 44 billion (representing one 7 8 Insights on Indian market, NutriConnect, 2009. Sweet equilibrium, Progressive Grocer, December 2010. percent of the global INR 5. 148 billion nutraceutical market), growing by an annual 18 percent since 2006, much faster than the global 7 percentaverage. INDIA’S NUTRACEUTICAL GLOBAL MARKET SHARE AND SEGMENTATION Rest of EU; 6% Switzerland ; 3% Italy; 3% UK; 2% France; 6% Germany; 5% Japan; 22% 14% Others; 9% US; 36% Functional foods Rest of Asia; 7% Functional beverages India; 1% Dietary supplements Source: Ernst Young and FICCI 2% 54% Source: Frost Sullivan, Cygnus Growth drivers are: ? ? the increasing affluence of working population with changing lifestyles; the reduced affordability of sickness related expenditures (with the Out-ofpocket expenditure constituting 64 percent of healthcare expenditures in India – against the global average of 18 percent – and the average cost of in-patient treatment doubled in the decade 1995-20059); the increasing awareness a nd media penetration; Andthe increased accessibility to such roducts, due to the emergence of new distribution channels. ? ? Moreover, due to their high prices compared to conventional foods, the lack of credibility of their benefits among costumers, and the not-yet-implemented regulatory framework, the latent market for nutraceutical products is estimated to be two to four times the existing market size. CONCLUSIONS In India, a new multi-dimensional definition of wellness is emerging, encompassing the individual’s desire for social acceptance, exclusivity and collective welfare. Be it in the services or product sector, the wellness industry in India is showing bright opportunities to wellness providers, especially international players. 9 WHO statistical information system, 2008. How to cite Wellness Industry in India, Essay examples

Pride and Prejudice Essay Example

Pride and Prejudice Essay Written during the Napoleonic Wars times, Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice seems to be a story of the pursuit for true love that lies far beyond first impressions but looking deeper into her work her true purpose reveals itself to be to inspire independence and self worth within women. With men being sent away to fight the war, women, for the first time in their lives, were left to be independent and to fend for themselves. Their entire lives they always had someone to take care of them whether it was their father or their husband women were not expected to live on their own.Within Austen’s novel, Elizabeth is the only female that goes against Regency society’s social norm in search for a true relationship fueled by love and passion going against the idea women are defined by the man that asks for their hand in marriage. Social wealth trumped all but could only be achieved for women through a high class husband; women meant nothing without a man to rely on. Aust en’s depiction of female characters within the novel portray Regency society’s blatant disregard for anything but monetary status. One’s monetary status determined everything from where one lived to whom one married.The entire society was fueled by wealth and reputation, yet reputation was dependent on your wealth. Take for instance Mrs. Bennet; her sole purpose in existing was to wed her daughters to wealthy husbands. She obsessed over ensuring her daughters were going to be well off. Her behavior resulted from the societal pressure that restricted women’s financial wellbeing to marriage. It wasn’t just a matter of being rich or poor women were completely worthless if they didn’t have a man to be completely reliant on. An unwed woman was deemed unrespectable and forced into doing petty jobs in order to generate money to support herself.Men during this time seemed to be the only key to happiness to women, without a husband to provide for the m their lives were utterly miserable. Marrying for love was unheard of. Although making husbands happy was undoubtedly important, women’s happiness didn’t matter; women meant little to the common good, serving only to be good for house making and mothering children. Most women just accepted their fate and came to terms that they would marry whomever their wealthiest offer came from and they would devote their entire lives to a stranger in order to please their family and uphold their family name. None of the women wanted to shame their amily and be petty enough to look for love. Just as in the case of Mr. Collins, he came to town determined to find a wife to take back home with him. He set his sights on Elizabeth and he proposed to her without a shadow of a doubt that she would accept his offer, but to his surprise she promptly denied. She simply stated, â€Å"You could not make me happy, and I am convinced that I am the last women in world who could make you so† (102). It was unheard of for a woman to do such a shocking thing. Mrs. Bennet put forth her best effort to force Elizabeth to marry Mr. Collins because, although odd, he was a respectable husband to have.Having a comfortable home with a respectable man was all any woman could hope for, but Elizabeth principles outweighed the pressure she faced from society. Charlotte Lucas on the other hand felt doomed to be an old maid with no money, so she decided to marry Mr. Collins in order to have a comfortable life. She stated to Lizzie, â€Å"Happiness in marriage [is] entirely a matter of chance† (21). She could barely even tolerate Mr. Collins but she pushed her happiness aside and married for stability and money. Charlotte felt it was better to marry for convenience then to risk being alone the rest of her life.It was every woman’s duty to marry in order to increase her family’s wealth and therefore overall worth in society. Men in the novel had their own selfish ag endas when looking for a spouse. Mr. Wickham’s sole purpose for looking for a wife was just to receive an extra source of income. He had tried to marry Miss Darcy, but quickly ended that relationship, with not a hint of remorse, when he discovered he would not receive a penny of Miss Darcy’s inheritance. Lydia was used as a pawn by Mr. Wickham in order to establish prosperity and wealth. Lydia meant only a paycheck to Mr. Wickham. Mr.Wickham didn’t even express the slightest amount of regret for using an innocent girl, who didn’t know any better, in order to gain money. He tricked her into believing that he loved her when in fact he was just taking advantage of her naive nature. Mr. Wickham didn’t care at all he was going to shame the Bennet family name by running away with Lydia; he had no interest in marrying the young girl without a large sum of money beforehand. Lydia is so ill witted that she doesn’t even care about the shame she brough t her family, instead she waste time boasting about being a â€Å"married woman. † Men took advantage of women’s dependence on eing married. Marriage was treated as a business ordeal. Mr. Collins went spouse hunting in order to please his patron Lady Catherine. She stated to him, â€Å"A clergyman like you must marry† (100). The pressure he felt from Lady Catherine de Bourgh made his search for a wife even more desperately urgent. Love was a foreign idea when deciding who to marry; most men were just looking to benefit themselves when looking for a woman to call their wife. Austen used Elizabeth to prove that the only way to overcome society’s shallow standards and find actual happiness was to go against society and stand up for what you believe in.Women allowed society to walk on top of them, but Elizabeth on the other hand was a strong woman who refused to be like other women and stood up for herself and her pursuit in looking for love. Elizabeth knew l ife without being happy and experiencing love was pointless and she was determined to find love or die trying. Elizabeth’s intellect prevailed much greater than most of the other women characters and she possessed much more independence. Elizabeth took time to become an educated human being with morals. She preferred reading alone to spending pointless hours socializing with people she didn’t even like.She chose to be fearless and defy society’s standards. Elizabeth’s duty to herself shone through quite frequently and was proven when she stood up to Lady Catherine de Bourgh. She ignores the fact that Lady Catherine is of high society and declares, â€Å"I am only resolved to act in a manner which will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness, without reference to you, or any person so wholly unconnected with me† (322). Although a woman standing up for herself was unacceptable, Elizabeth denounced society’s expectations in order to fulfill her personal morals.In Pride and Prejudice, Austen uses Elizabeth to show the strains and limitations women faced in Regency society, with their ultimate ambition in life to be finding a wealthy spouse to be reliant on. Elizabeth Bennet goes against society’s expectations yet ends up the happiest character within the book, proving overallmen are not superior over women. Women have the capability to do anything a man can and should not be treated just as a piece of property.Work Cited Pride and Prejudice. Chicago, Ill: M. A. Donohue amp; Co. , 2005. Print. Pride and Prejudice Essay Example Pride and Prejudice Essay Marriage As A Social Contract In Jane Austen’s ‘Pride And Prejudice’ â€Å". It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife†. With these famous words, Jane Austen launched into what has come to be regarded by many as the greatest romance novel of all time. Written in late 1790’s England, in a time of radical social upheaval and political change, ‘Pride and Prejudice’ presents a mixed bag of social ideas relating to marriage, the meaning of femininity, love and the fluidity of class structure. The time of writing put ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in the middle of a fictional war of ideas between female writers of the time, arriving as it does at a sort of middle ground between the feminist views of Mary Wollstonecraft and the more rural traditionalist views of Hannah More (Jones, V. , ‘Introduction to â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, (1996) London: Penguin). This lead to much confusion among critics as to exactly what Austen’s views regarding marriage and feminism were, and in many cases continues to do so today. In this essay I will attempt to clear up some of this ambiguity, while closely examining the idea of marriage itself, the nature of the ‘social contract’, and the social and historical background to the idea of marriage as a social contract In ‘The Sadeian Woman’, Angela Carter states that â€Å"The marriage bed is a particularly delusive refuge from the world, because all wives of necessity fuck by contract† (Carter, Angela, ‘The Sadeian Woman’, pg. 9, (1978) ). Unfortunately for Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, it cannot be denied that she is a â€Å"wife of necessity†. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Effectively disinherited through the fine print of their father’s will, the Bennet girls and their neurotic mother are to become penniless on the death of Mr. Bennet, unless they can find themselves a rich husband. Elizabeth’s initial disapproval of Mr. Darcy and his pride seems to undergo a radical upheaval on her visit to Pemberley, Darcy’s ancestral estate, as she herself admits – when discussing with her sister the progress of her feeling’s for Mr. Darcy, she states â€Å"I believe it must date from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberley† (p301). Certain critics have therefore claimed that Elizabeth Bennet is mercenary in her reasons for marriage to Mr. Darcy. This apparently gold-digging behaviour would suggest an attempt by Elizabeth not only to retain, but also to improve, her class status, and therefore to fall in line with rural traditionalism as laid out in Edmund Burke’s ‘Reflections on the Revolution in France’. As Elizabeth Bennet is Austen’s heroine, and therefore a character of whom she writes very favourably, it could be supposed that Austen’s attitude towards marriage, and the position of women in society, in writing this book was one of traditional rural conservatism. However, before we can accept this supposition, we must recall that Elizabeth has already turned down two well-off potential husbands – one of them being Mr. Darcy himself! – in an attempt to hold out for true love and personal happiness. Her disgust at the proposal of the unbelievably boring and rude Mr. Collins was surpassed only by her shock at discovering that her best friend, Charlotte Lucas, had consented to marry him instead. Unabashedly mercenary, Ms. Lucas declares that marriage is a woman’s â€Å"pleasantest preservative from want† but that it is â€Å"uncertain of giving happiness† (p. 03) (Jones, V. , etc). Elizabeth, on the other hand, claims to believe in marriage for love, and holds her own individual happiness as a personal goal. This portrayal of the heroine as a creature of emotion and feeling, as opposed to a rational, logical and slightly more masculine figure, would assume Austen to be in favour of the theories of such feminist thinkers of the time as Mary Wollstonecraft – a staunch opposer of the writings of Edmund Burke. What, then, is Austen’s stance towards marriage as seen in ‘Pride and Prejudice’? Is she a romantic feminist or a rural traditionalist? My personal belief is that Austen is neither – I would suggest that she, in fact, manages to reach a happy compromise between the two. Austen clearly applauds Elizabeth Bennet’s Wollstonecraftian behaviour in rushing across the countryside to Netherfield to take care of her sister Jane in her illness as she describes Elizabeth’s appearance afterwards in very favourable terms, and highlights how it contributes to Darcy’s growing attraction to her, mentioning â€Å"the brilliancy which exercise had given to her complexion† (p. 0). However, it is also apparent that Austen is in support of the traditional Burkean notion of family and marriage, as the novel finishes with both Jane and Elizabeth happily and prosperously married to men who are their social betters. Both women marry above themselves and secure financial and social stability for both themselves and their families, thus falling in line wit h what would have been expected of well-brought up young rural ladies. Austen’s achievement in writing ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was, therefore, to show that Wollstonecraftian femininity could exist alongside and within the rural traditionalist ideals of Edmund Burke. Marriage in the time of Jane Austen was neither a religious sacrament (as the predominant English religion of the time, and Austen’s religion, Anglicanism, did not view marriage as a sacrament) nor a symbol of romantic love. In Enlightenment England, marriage was rather a necessity, the ultimate aim of all self-respecting young women. Women were, from birth, trained for their inevitable final position as a mother, wife, chef, and household head. Education was not about schooling in the ways and knowledge of the world, but rather the acquisition of a rich store of ‘accomplishments’ – painting, musical talent, singing, embroidery essentially the marketable skills of a desirable, and socially respectable, wife. Not only was marriage expected by men to be the desire of all women, but it was also, in fact, a means to an end. Women married to secure their status in society and often to improve their social standing, or ‘move up a rung’ in the all-pervading class hierarchy of the era. ‘Pride And Prejudice’ was no exception to this rule. Take the most obvious examples of Elizabeth and Jane Bennet. On a first glance, these women marry for love and for happiness – ‘Pride And Prejudice’ is clearly a classic romance novel. However, constantly bubbling away on the backburner is the undeniable reality of the Bennets’ impending impoverishment, should they fail to secure rich husbands. Effectively disinherited by the fine print of their father’s will, the future of their whole family is staked on their choice of suitors, now that they have reached marriageable age – as is reflected very effectively by Mrs. Bennet’s neuroticism! Aside from the personal difficulties of the Bennet family, there lies in the background of ‘Pride And Prejudice’ the grim historical reality of the time. 1790’s England was a time of â€Å"political crisis and social mobility† (Jones, V. etc), a time when the stability and power of the rural ruling class was threatened by the upwardly mobile ‘nouveau riche’ merchant class and the increasingly outspoken and demanding working class. Marriage, family – these were seen as social institutions, traditions essential for the preservation of the supremacy of the ruling gentry that the Darcys, the Bingleys, and to a lesser extent the Bennets. Marriage was, for the members of this clas s, a means of preserving their social position, protecting the integrity of the class structure, and upholding the rural traditions essential for their survival. When we say then that marriage in Jane Austen’s ‘Pride And Prejudice’ can be viewed as being a kind of social contract, we mean in so far as it enabled the women of the time to amass fortune and social respect, and allowed their men to protect the ruling culture which was threatened at this time by outside political influences. Marriage was a mutually beneficial agreement between the man and the woman – in exchange for the woman’s inheritance (if any), body, and the social respectability and support of the rural traditions that possession of an ‘accomplished’ wife offered, the man gave financial support and social status. This leads to charges of marriage being akin to â€Å"legal prostitution† (Wollstonecraft, Mary: A Vindication of The Rights of Woman) – women were seen by some as selling their bodies for societal betterment. Mr. Darcy is naturally the object of the mercenary desires of the women of Pemberley, as he is rumoured to be in receipt of a fortune of ten thousand pounds a year – it has been said by some commentators that Elizabeth Bennet merely falls prey to these mercenary desires, and engages in a marriage as a social contract, using romantic love as an excuse, not a reason, for unity with Darcy. I must disagree – I feel this argument has a critical flaw, in so far as Elizabeth not only turns down Darcy at his first proposal, while being fully aware of his riches (although perhaps not yet confronted with all the glory of Pemberley), but also refuses the advances of the well-off, yet exceedingly boring, Mr. Collins. If Elizabeth Bennet were purely mercenary in her designs, why then would she turn down two apparently suitable matches in an attempt to hold out for her goal of personal happiness? How then can we summarise the view of marriage as a social contract in ‘Pride And Prejudice’? Firstly, I think it is important to note that Austen did not set out to write a feminist text, denouncing the marital and romantic traditions of the ruling class. Her heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, does finally settle down with a man who would have been viewed in anybody’s eyes as being a most suitable and socially acceptable match for her. Darcy provides wealth, respect, security, and an elevated position in society – all of which were the most desirable attributes for a prospective husband of the era. However, the novel is not entirely traditionalist, praising as it does the actions of a heroine who defies her mother in order to please herself long-term, who engages in plenty of outdoor activity usually viewed as unbecoming to a young lady of status, and who openly speaks her mind regarding the behaviour of Mr. Darcy. As I stated earlier, Austen seems to come to a happy compromise between Wollstonecraftian feminism and the staunch traditionalism of such writers as Hannah More. Similarly, Austen appears to compromise between two marital viewpoints – that which would view marriage purely as a social contract, a means to an end, and that which would promote a more romantic version of marital unity. Marriage as a social contract is, then, rampant in ‘Pride And Prejudice’ – we can see it clearly in the marriage of Charlotte Lucas to Mr. Collins – and could be seen as being something of a necessity to young women, to preserve their social standing. However, it is clear that Austen does not neglect a romantic viewpoint, presenting as she does two beautiful young women who are both madly in love with their chosen husbands . References: Austen, Jane, ‘Pride And Prejudice’, (1813) Burke, Edmund, ‘Reflections on The Revolution in France’, (1790) Carter, Angela, ‘The Sadeian Woman’, (1978) Jones, V. , ‘Introduction to â€Å"Pride And Prejudice†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, (1996), London: Penguin Classics Wollstonecraft, Mary, ‘A Vindication of The Rights of Woman’, (1792)

Korean aesthetic sense

Korean aesthetic sense Seo-Pyon-Jae The Korean sense of aesthetic revolves around melodramatic and immense suffering to achieve success in life as the movie depicts. For those who cannot endure suffering, nature or the world has no place for them. In a modern world, a traditional family of a singer would find it difficult to make a living. Yu-bong, the father who adopted the girl, Oh Jung-Hae and the boy, Kim Kyu-Chul, believes that a true artist seeking success, must suffer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Korean aesthetic sense specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He subjects the boy and the girl to suffering in order to achieve greatness. This is a traditional belief that only suffering can bring success in the future. The boy cannot take it anymore and runs away from home. The girl endures the suffering subjected to her by Yu-bong, the â€Å"pansori† artist and eventually achieves success. Seo-Pyon-Jae also depicts the power the eld erly members of the society have over young people. Yu-bong expresses his patriarchal powers over her adopted daughter. Critics argue that this is his attempt to restrict her daughter’s expression of her sexuality. She remains loyal to her father. It is the responsibility of the father to ensure that they bring up their children to learn their old ways. This is the Korean way of upbringing children. â€Å"Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter and Spring† Kim Ki Duk, the director of the movie portrays aspects of life in four seasons. He depicts that the aesthetic sense of life is only possible when one is close to nature. He shows us the pleasure, joy, anger and sorrow of life when one turn against nature. The old monk instills discipline of Buddhism in the young monk during spring. Spring is the season of spiritual discipline. This is the first contact the young boy has with aspects of Buddhism which are witty and sometimes harsh. They show us the surprising nature of understan ding human experience. The old monk punishes the boy harshly when the boy punishes animals. He tries to instill a severe and straightforward sense of responsibility to the boy towards. He warns the boy that nature is unforgiving. During the summer, the old monk warns the younger monk about lust, the desire to possess which ends with the intent to murder. This is when the young monk experiences life of sexual lust with a lady seeking treatment. The younger monk and the lady eloped. True to the old monk warning against lust, the younger monk eventually kills his wife. The detectives are after the young monk for murder. He returns to the old monk where he was contemplating suicide. The old monk beats him severely. The detectives arrest the young monk for murder. The master dies later. When the younger monk returns from prison, he found everything just as the old monk had left them. A woman comes to the monastery with a baby boy, which she eventually leaves. She dies in her attempt to e scape. The middle-aged Buddha now lives with the boy, which is now his young monk. Just has he had mistreated the animals the boy repeats the same thing. Spring comes again.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This movie shows that life is like seasons of nature. What goes round always comes round. Koreans consider their old men wise and should always be obeyed. Those who disobey their warnings end up suffering. The two movies are full of melodramatic scenes amidst pleasure, joy, pain and suffering. Some of these teachings may be influenced by Confucius about the relationship between the father and their children. The aspects of Buddhism reflected in these movies may not always be acknowledged by people in the West. Their aesthetic sense may be reflected in personal talent and desire to be one’s own.

How Fiber Optics Was Invented

How Fiber Optics Was Invented Fiber optics is the contained transmission of light through long fiber rods of either glass or plastics. The light travels by process of internal reflection. The core medium of the rod or cable is more reflective than the material surrounding the core. That causes the light to keep being reflected back into the core where it can continue to travel down the fiber. Fiber optic cables are used for transmitting voice, images, and other data at close to the speed of light. Who Invented Fiber Optics? Corning Glass researchers  Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz  invented fiber optic wire or Optical Waveguide Fibers (patent #3,711,262) capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire, through which information carried by a pattern of light waves could be decoded at a destination even a thousand miles away.   Fiber optic communication methods and materials invented by  them opened the door to the commercialization of fiber optics. From long-distance telephone service to the internet and medical devices such as the endoscope, fiber optics are now a major part of modern life.   Timeline 1854: John Tyndall demonstrated to the Royal Society that light could be conducted through a curved stream of water, proving that a light signal could be bent.1880:  Alexander Graham Bell invented his Photophone, which transmitted a voice signal on a beam of light. Bell focused sunlight with a mirror and then talked into a mechanism that vibrated the mirror. At the receiving end, a detector picked up the vibrating beam and decoded it back into a voice the same way a phone did with electrical signals. However, many things - a cloudy day, for instance - could interfere with the Photophone, causing Bell to stop any further research with this invention.1880: William Wheeler invented a system of light pipes lined with a highly reflective coating that illuminated homes by using light from an electric arc lamp placed in the basement and directing the light around the home with the pipes.1888: The medical team of Roth and Reuss of Vienna used bent glass rods to illuminate body cavities.1 895: French engineer Henry Saint-Rene designed a system of bent glass rods for guiding light images in an attempt at early television. 1898: American David Smith applied for a patent on a bent glass rod device to be used as a surgical lamp.1920s: Englishman John Logie Baird and American Clarence W. Hansell patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television and facsimiles respectively.1930: German medical student Heinrich Lamm was the first person to assemble a bundle of optical fibers to carry an image. Lamms goal was to look inside inaccessible parts of the body. During his experiments, he reported transmitting the image of a light bulb. The image was of poor quality, however. His effort to file a patent was denied because of Hansells British patent.1954: Dutch scientist Abraham Van Heel and British scientist Harold H. Hopkins separately wrote papers on imaging bundles. Hopkins reported on imaging bundles of unclad fibers while Van Heel reported on simple bundles of clad fibers. He covered a bare fiber with a transparent cladding of a lower refractive index. This protected the f iber reflection surface from outside distortion and greatly reduced interference between fibers. At the time, the greatest obstacle to a viable use of fiber optics was in achieving the lowest signal (light) loss. 1961: Elias Snitzer of American Optical published a theoretical description of single-mode fibers, a fiber with a core so small it could carry light with only one waveguide mode. Snitzers idea was okay for a medical instrument looking inside the human, but the fiber had a light loss of one decibel per meter. Communications devices needed to operate over much longer distances and required a light loss of no more than ten or 20 decibels (a measurement of light) per kilometer.1964: A critical (and theoretical) specification was identified by Dr. C.K. Kao for long-range communication devices. The specification was ten or 20 decibels of light loss per kilometer, which established the standard. Kao also illustrated the need for a purer form of glass to help reduce light loss.1970: One team of researchers began experimenting with fused silica, a material capable of extreme purity with a high melting point and a low refractive index. Corning Glass researchers Robert Maurer, Donald Keck, and Peter Schultz invented fiber optic wire or Optical Waveguide Fibers (patent #3,711,262) capable of carrying 65,000 times more information than copper wire. This wire allowed for information carried by a pattern of light waves to be decoded at a destination even a thousand miles away. The team had solved the problems presented by Dr. Kao. 1975: The United States government decided to link the computers at the NORAD headquarters at Cheyenne Mountain using fiber optics to reduce interference.1977: The first optical telephone communication system was installed about 1.5 miles under downtown Chicago.  Each optical fiber carried the equivalent of 672 voice channels.By the end of the century, more than 80 percent of the worlds long-distance traffic was carried over optical fiber cables and 25 million kilometers of the cable. Maurer, Keck, and Schultz-designed cables have been installed worldwide. U.S. Army Signal Corp The following information was submitted by Richard Sturzebecher. It was originally published in the Army Corp publication Monmouth Message. In 1958, at the U.S. Army Signal Corps Labs in Fort Monmouth New Jersey, the manager of Copper Cable and Wire hated the signal transmission problems caused by lightning and water. He encouraged Manager of Materials Research Sam DiVita to find a replacement for copper wire. Sam thought glass, fiber, and light signals might work, but the engineers who worked for Sam told him a glass fiber would break. In September 1959, Sam DiVita asked 2nd Lt. Richard Sturzebecher if he knew how to write the formula for a glass fiber capable of transmitting light signals. DiVita had learned that Sturzebecher, who was attending the Signal School, had melted three triaxial glass systems using SiO2 for his 1958 senior thesis at Alfred University. Sturzebecher knew the answer. While using a microscope to measure the index-of-refraction on SiO2 glasses, Richard developed a severe headache. The 60 percent and 70 percent SiO2 glass powders under the microscope allowed higher and higher amounts of brilliant white light to pass through the microscope slide and into his eyes. Remembering the headache and the brilliant white light from high SiO2 glass, Sturzebecher knew that the formula would be ultra pure SiO2. Sturzebecher also knew that Corning made high purity SiO2 powder by oxidizing pure SiCl4 into SiO2. He suggested that DiVita use his power to award a federal contract to Corning to develop the fiber. DiVita had already worked with Corning research people. But he had to make the idea public because all research laboratories had a right to bid on a federal contract. So in 1961 and 1962, the idea of using high purity SiO2 for a glass fiber to transmit light was made public information in a bid solicitation to all research laboratories. As expected, DiVita awarded the contract to Corning Glass Works in Corning, New York in 1962. Federal funding for glass fiber optics at Corning was about $1,000,000 between 1963 and 1970. Signal Corps Federal funding of many research programs on fiber optics continued until 1985, thereby seeding this industry and making todays multibillion-dollar industry that eliminates copper wire in communications a reality. DiVita continued to come to work daily at the U.S. Army Signal Corps in his late 80s and volunteered as a consultant on nanoscience until his death at age 97 in 2010.